Simplicity
Marilyn Butler
- Jane Austen : A Life by David Nokes
Fourth Estate, 578 pp, £20.00, September 1997, ISBN 1 85702 419 2 - Jane Austen: A Life by Claire Tomalin
Viking, 341 pp, £20.00, October 1997, ISBN 0 670 86528 1
London
Review of Books – Vol.20, No. 5 – 5 March 1998
Do we need another
Life of Jane Austen? Biographies of this writer come at regular intervals,
confirming a rather dull story of Southern English family life. For the first
century at least, the main qualification for the task was to be a relative –
Henry Austen, ‘Biographical Notice’ to Northanger
Abbey and Persuasion (1818), the Rev. J.E. Austen-Leigh, Memoir of Jane Austen (1870)
and W. and R.A. Austen-Leigh, Jane
Austen: Her Life and Letters (1913). These pioneers had two main
messages to convey: that the author was a very domestic woman, and that outside
her family she had no profound attachments or interests. Subsequent biographers
rightly complain that this puts a damper on the exercise. But the nine hundred
new pages on Austen’s life do not, in the event, significantly change what is
still a family record.
How can the
Nineties reader, so often resistant to history, gain access to this most
secretive and parochial of writers? Claire Tomalin’s publishers credit her with
discovering an Austen who is the heroine of a modern story, one of a family of
meritocrats struggling to get ahead in a competitive, money-driven society. At
it happens, much academic work on the Romantic writers, Austen included, has
been obsessed with money for over a decade now. Edward Copeland’s Women Writing about Money
(1995) gets more thoroughly into the topic than a biographer can, and David
Nokes provides even more insights than Tomalin into (say) Austen and
legacy-hunting. In fact Tomalin’s considerable strengths are surely of another
kind – to do with her modern, matter-of-fact tone of voice and her narrowed
focus on Jane Austen as the story’s heroine. If anything she plays down her
family and still more her society, at any rate as direct material for the
novels, in favour of an Austen who is essentially solitary. Tomalin tells each
well-known incident of the life, and instantly follows up with Austen’s
response. Or, rather, with what we might feel in such circumstances, a response
couched in the language and shaped by the attitudes of today.
After her
mother had breast-fed her for three months, how did the newest Austen take
being parted from that breast, to be spoon-fed by a foster mother in the
village? At two, did the scream on being taken away from her foster mother and
village family? How did she react to being packed off to two fairly
unsatisfactory boarding schools, at seven and nine? Or to the news, abruptly
delivered to her at the age of 25, that her father was retiring from his
country parish and moving with his wife and two daughters to the fashionable
resort of Bath?
Tomalin
neatly uses these conventional but intensitive parental ‘ejections’ of Jane
from childhood on to explain the withdrawn, self-protective manner of the adult
woman. They were ‘frightening and unpleasant experiences over which she had no
control and which required periods of recovery; they helped to form the
“whimsical girl”, almost always well defended when it came so showing emotion.’
Tomalin’s Jane was reticent and unopinionated in company, even in family gatherings.
She participated, but protected her privacy, while she joked in her letters,
enjoyed acting, invented stories for children, and played children’s games. She
had several longstanding women friends who corresponded, and she wrote to all
her siblings except George, her mentally retarded older brother. But, Tomalin
thinks, the reserve may not have been breached even in the unrecorded
conversations and letters, many afterwards destroyed, which passed between Jane
and her closest friend, her sister Cassandra.
Nokes
virtually omits the novels from his story. Tomalin makes more use of them than
most biographers, and indeed relies on them for her boldest innovation, a
reconstruction of Austen’s inner life. Here Tomalin makes some risky moves.
Arbitrarily chosen characters from the novels – Lady Susan, Marianne Dashwood,
Mary Crawford – speak for their author’s repressed desires. Unsupported
guesses, strategically placed in the story, take the weight of the biographer’s
argument. Of Austen’s first months in Bath, Tomalin remarks: ‘Jane was schooled
to keep up appearances, even if she was screaming inside her head.’ Austen
stays put or moves without audible protest, as though serving a long term of
house-arrest. The world she makes in her novels stands out by contrast at open
and animate, indicating its function, Tomalin thinks, in Austen’s fantasy-life:
As a child
recovering from the school years, she found the power to entertain her family
with her writing. Through her writing, she was developing a world of imagination
in which she controlled everything that happened. She went on to create young
women somewhat like herself, but whose perceptions and judgments were shown to
matter; who were able to influence their own fates significantly, and who could
even give their parents good advice. Her delight in this work is obvious.
It’s pity
that this Big Idea, the organising principle of Tomalin’s book, nowadays comes
almost too readily to hand in writing any artist’s life. A highly stylised
genre doesn’t necessarily express a particular writer’s inner life: how can it,
when the features of plot and character Tomalin lists are standard in classic
comedy, romance and fairy tale? Tomalin’s psychoanalytic use of the novels
reduces the effect of the letters, where Austen at least speaks for herself.
The comedies take the Life over, by virtue of the idealised spirit of comedy,
not the toughness, irony and frequent cynicism that more particularly
characterise Austen’s writing. This pleasing, polished book goes some way
towards a mixed mode – fictionalised
memoir or biographical novel.
http://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n05/marilyn-butler/simplicity
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